https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com 2026-02-08T22:41:18+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/C2389436399007630585742091520445/IMG_1036.jpeg A close-up photograph of a yellow eyelash viper taken during a tropical biology course at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/S2567931462540246212347267811773/red-corn-snake-branch-closeup-snake-closeup-snake.jpg Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com/" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Freepik</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/I2570228633329242485817442994621/silhouette-group-people-have-fun-top-mountain-near-tent-sunset.jpg Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Freepik</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/G2591938040667950516442365331901/7031310_Chameleon_Rain_1280x720.mp4 Close-up video of a chameleon's skin being showered with water droplets, highlighting the reptile’s vibrant color patterns Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Freepik</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Q2601387354901027256710610717117/beautiful-turtle-stone-wild-nature-by-pond-trachemys-scripta-elegans.jpg Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Freepik</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/X2784465233674281437285067426237/gigantic-salted-water-crocodile-caught-mangroves-sundarbans-india.jpg Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Freepik</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/A2784479991862750400095870945725/closeup-shot-lizard-stone.jpg Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com/" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Freepik</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/snakes-1 2026-03-25T18:08:04+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/G2621327035699157217069899352509/Northern-water-snake.jpg Photo taken in Ohio showing signs of fungal infection on the belly scales of a northern water snake, causing the scales to thicken and form blisters (Credit: USGS National Wildlife Health Center photo by D.E. Green) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/U2803179890105456665849116395965/VetRetic-ibd.jpg Photo shows a large python showing signs of inclusion body disease, including opisthotonus where there is hyperextension of neck and back. Image reproduced with permission from Douglas R. Mader, originally published on Reptiles Magazine, 2014. Used with permission. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/X2806989416764614159139500100029/nirmal-kumar-xGAM19u7QZE-unsplash.jpg Photo shows a suspected Reticulated Python with its mouth wide open, could be the behavior “gaping,” yawning, or serve as a defense. If this behavior is shown for an extended period, it could be an indicator of ferlavirus infection. Photo by <a style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Nirmal Kumar</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-snake-with-its-mouth-open-xGAM19u7QZE?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Unsplash.</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/snake-fungal-disease 2026-02-26T17:59:51+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/R2624546697685258495448211425725/north-water-snake-2.jpg Photo taken in western Lake Erie, Ohio, of a northern water snake infected with fungal infection similar to signs of snake fungal disease, causing crusted scales and fluid-filled blisters on scales (Credit: USGS National Wildlife Health Center photo by D.E. Green) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/P2624546763466347862296472488381/23906.jpg Photo taken in New Jersey of an eastern rat snake with fungal infection, causing impaired vision and sense of smell due to cloudy eyes and crusted scales on the nose (Credit: USGS National Wildlife Health Center photo by D.E. Green) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Y2624546816500737074211433384381/23906-1DN0597.jpg Photo taken in New Jersey of an eastern rat snake infected with snake fungal disease, causing the formation of yellow to brown crusts on scales (Credit: USGS National Wildlife Health Center photo by D.E. Green) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/U2624546903458688637678259702205/snake-fungal-disease1.png An eastern rat snake with suspected snake fungal disease, causing cloudy eyes and an impaired nose with damaged scales (Credit: USGS National Wildlife Health Center photo by D.E. Green) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/B2624546979108786083961130879421/24042-1DI1452.jpg Photo taken in New York of an eastern racer with fungal disease, causing discoloration on the belly scales, and potential crusts are beginning to form (Credit: USGS National Wildlife Health Center photo by D.E. Green) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/C2780972763269689414264354671037/MapChart_Map.png Figure 1. Distribution of Snake Fungal Disease across the United States. Note. Data derived from Nicola et al. (2022) and Allender et al. (2020). Map created using Mapchart https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/J2787134862968017885491274090941/Screenshot-2026-02-09-at-11.40.05.png Figure 2. Histological features of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola (Oo) in cutaneous tissues using PAS and Grocott staining techniques. (a) Scale tip showing Oo hyphae. (b) Arthroconidia on air-tissue inerface as indicated by arrows . (c) Close up of Oo hypahe showing branching. (d) Intralesional Oo hyphae. Note. From Nicola et al. (2022), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-022-01612-8" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Ophidiomyces ophidiicola detection and infection: a global review on a potential threat to the world’s snake populations</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/boid-inclusion-body-disease 2026-02-26T17:59:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Y2624546816500737074211433384381/23906-1DN0597.jpg Photo shows a large python showing signs of inclusion body disease, including opisthotonus where there is hyperextension of neck and back. Image reproduced with permission from Douglas R. Mader, originally published on Reptiles Magazine, 2014. Used with permission. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/H2803316488485130158037057046973/VetRetic-ibd.jpg Photo shows a large python showing signs of inclusion body disease, including opisthotonus where there is hyperextension of neck and back. Image reproduced with permission from Douglas R. Mader, originally published on Reptiles Magazine, 2014. Used with permission. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/X2803575544689893255545342036413/Screenshot-2026-02-19-at-19.14.14.png Photo shows an 8-month-old albino Boa imperator exhibiting suspected stargazing behavior, a clinical sign that may indicate inclusion body disease. Image by u/aamutossu, posted on Reddit, 2024. Used with permission. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/K2804920452491228153903321614781/spectrum.01705-22-f001.gif Figure 1. Captive annulated tree boa (C. annulatus) with inclusion body disease. (A,B) Brain steam with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons. (C) Epithelial cells in pancreas with inclusion bodies. Right image of C is cells with diffuse cytoplasmic viral antigen expression. (D) Hepatocytes in liver with inclusion bodies. (E) Red blood cells with inclusion bodies as indicated by arrowheads. Hemogregarine infection shown through arrow. Note. from Alfaro-Alarcón et al. (2022), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01705-22" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Boid inclusion body disease is also a disease of wild boa constrictors</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/X2804969504800243621257019820477/david-clode-4AImxPOUmxQ-unsplash.jpg Figure 2. Boa constrictor, part of the Boidae family, at Hartleys Crocodile Adventures in Australia. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@davidclode?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">David Clode</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-snake-on-a-pillow-4AImxPOUmxQ?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash.</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/N2804975663836048439549532473789/david-clode-I_eOutw1MTg-unsplash.jpg Figure 3. Huge Python reticulatus, part of the Pythonidae family. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@davidclode?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">David Clode</a> on <a style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Unsplash</a>. https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/ophidian-paramyxovirus 2026-03-21T05:33:49+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Y2624546816500737074211433384381/23906-1DN0597.jpg Photo shows a suspected Reticulated Python with its mouth wide open, could be the behavior “gaping,” yawning, or serve as a defense. If this behavior is shown for an extended period followed by excessive mucus or respiratory sounds, it could be an indicator of ferlavirus infection. Photo by <a style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Nirmal Kumar</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-snake-with-its-mouth-open-xGAM19u7QZE?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Unsplash.</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/O2806989832720246277216179489213/nirmal-kumar-xGAM19u7QZE-unsplash.jpg Photo shows a suspected Reticulated Python with its mouth wide open, could be the behavior “gaping,” yawning, or serve as a defense. If this behavior is shown for an extended period followed by excessive mucus or respiratory sounds, it could be an indicator of ferlavirus infection. Photo by <a style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Nirmal Kumar</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-snake-with-its-mouth-open-xGAM19u7QZE?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Unsplash.</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/L2807110978705131080681760655805/joshua-j-cotten-ocpdTb_VPFs-unsplash.jpg Figure 1. A keeled earless lizard on the sand at Padre Island. Not a confirmed case, but this is an example of a different reptile species that could contain ferlavirus. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jcotten?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Joshua J. Cotten</a> on <a style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Unsplash.</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/I2807119536131260130469045766589/sebastian-herrmann-cRh0cC_CP44-unsplash.jpg Figure 2. Another unconfirmed case but shows a chameleon which could be a different reptile species that can be infected with ferlavirus. Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@herrherrmann?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText">Sebastian Herrmann</a> on <a style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);">Unsplash.</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/I2812784223858199833548060789181/1-s2.0-S0042682217304130-gr1_lrg-1.jpg Photo shows an infected snake with a respiratory disease. (A) Signs of moderate reddening of choanal and oral mucosa and oral mucus secretion. (B) Progression of excessive swallowing, ventral oral swelling, red/purple spots caused by bleeding under mucous membranes, open-mouthed breathing, increased respiratory rate. These signs are similar to those with ferlavirus infection. Note. from Hoon-Hanks et al. (2018), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.008" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Respiratory disease in ball phythons (Python regius) experimentally infected with ball python nidovirus</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/turtles-and-tortoises 2026-03-21T05:33:49+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/S2846733811706394371722234464701/vetsci-10-00421-g001-550.jpg Photo shows rugose and smooth tumors on a green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This highlights the different morphologies found in tumors. A rugose tumor presents with a rough surface and could indicate a growing tumor. While the smooth tumor to the right, contains partial necrosis. Smooth tumors could indicate a regressed tumor. Note. From Manes et al. (2023b), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070421" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Green turtle fibropapillomatosis: Tumor morphology and growth rate in a rehabilitation setting</a> , licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/P2846835480346060811557260396989/Screenshot-2026-03-18-at-23.39.19.png Photo shows a diamond-backed terrapin with a pronounced shell ulcerative lesion, consistent with lesions caused by Emydomyces testavorans. Note. From Hastain et al. (2023), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13291" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">What is your diagnosis? Ulcerative shell lesions from a diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)</a> , licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/O2849269298970451438830684113341/jof-11-00023-g003-550.jpg Photo shows multiple Trachemys scripta (a potential vector) eggs with clinical signs of sea turtle egg fusariosis. (A-C) The arrows show a white-to-gray, fuzzy fungal layer, representing hyphal mats, that surrounds the infected eggs. (D-E) The arrows show discoloration, in this case, gray spots, that are present on infected eggs. Note. From Martínez-Ríos et al. (2025), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010023" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Trachemys scripta eggs as part of a potential in vivo model for studying sea turtle egg fusariosis</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/fibropapillomatosis 2026-03-21T05:33:50+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Y2624546816500737074211433384381/23906-1DN0597.jpg Photo shows the diversity in tumor structure and morphology, along with the wide distribution of tumor development across the turtle’s body. Specifically, it demostrates fibropapillomatosis tumors in Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). Note. From Page-Karjian et al. (2021), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113076" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/F2846709707309019767303718734269/animals-11-03076-g002-550.jpg Photo shows the diversity in tumor structure and morphology, along with the wide distribution of tumor development across the turtle’s body. Specifically, it demostrates fibropapillomatosis tumors in Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). Note. From Page-Karjian et al. (2021), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113076" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/I2846724413311649745590200732093/animals-11-03076-g003-550.jpg Figure 2. Photograph of a microscopic fibropapilloma found in a Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochely kempii). While diagnosis for this disease can be done by physical examination of tumors, a histopathological is required to confirm diagnosis. Note. From Page-Karjian et al. (2021), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113076" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/E2846729354622538026094082558397/vetsci-10-00421-g001-550.jpg Figure 1. Rugose and smooth tumors on a green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This highlights the different morphologies found in tumors. A rugose tumor presents with a rough surface and could indicate a growing tumor. While the smooth tumor to the right, contains partial necrosis. Smooth tumors could indicate a regressed tumor. Note. From Manes et al. (2023b), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070421" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Green turtle fibropapillomatosis: Tumor morphology and growth rate in a rehabilitation setting</a> , licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/F2850034652223800591503214414269/pollution-concept-water-with-garbage.jpg Figure 3. Pollution of waters, inclduing plastic and garbage, can significantly affect wildlife animals vulnerability and exposure to disease Note. Designed by <a href="https://www.freepik.com" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Freepik</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/emydomyces-testavorans 2026-03-21T05:52:05+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Y2624546816500737074211433384381/23906-1DN0597.jpg Photo shows a diamond-backed terrapin with a pronounced shell ulcerative lesion, consistent with lesions caused by Emydomyces testavorans. Note. From Hastain et al. (2023), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13291" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">What is your diagnosis? Ulcerative shell lesions from a diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)</a>, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/W2846834497355962611722673883581/Screenshot-2026-03-18-at-23.39.19.png Photo shows a diamond-backed terrapin with a pronounced shell ulcerative lesion, consistent with lesions caused by Emydomyces testavorans. Note. From Hastain et al. (2023), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13291" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">What is your diagnosis? Ulcerative shell lesions from a diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)</a>, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/J2846838265785969197625844861373/Screenshot-2026-03-18-at-23.43.08.png Figure 1. Microscopic view of skin tissue demonstrating an abnormal epithelial inclusion cyst containing lamellated keratin, which is colonized by fungal hyphae. Note. From Hastain et al. (2023), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13291" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">What is your diagnosis? Ulcerative shell lesions from a diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)</a>, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/S2846843537846978719741987162557/journal.pone.0333786.g002.png Figure 2. CT images of a red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) infected with a fungal pathogen consistent with signs of Emydomyces testavorans infection. (a) Shell erosions in the bottom shell. (b, c) More severe shell lesions that contain cyst-like structures that are surrounded by dense material similar to bone. These protrude into the body cavity. Note. From Winter et al. (2025), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333786" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Health assessment of non-native red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and their impact potential on native species</a>, licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</a> https://reptilemergingdiseasealert.com/stef 2026-03-21T05:46:43+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Y2624546816500737074211433384381/23906-1DN0597.jpg Photo shows multiple Trachemys scripta (a potential vector) eggs with clinical signs of sea turtle egg fusariosis. (A-C) The arrows show a white-to-gray, fuzzy fungal layer, representing hyphal mats, that surrounds the infected eggs. (D-E) The arrows show discoloration, in this case, gray spots, that are present on infected eggs. Note. From Martínez-Ríos et al. (2025), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010023" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Trachemys scripta eggs as part of a potential in vivo model for studying sea turtle egg fusariosis</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/Q2849270684948120672924135229885/jof-11-00023-g003-550.jpg Photo shows multiple Trachemys scripta (a potential vector) eggs with clinical signs of sea turtle egg fusariosis. (A-C) The arrows show a white-to-gray, fuzzy fungal layer, representing hyphal mats, that surrounds the infected eggs. (D-E) The arrows show discoloration, in this case, gray spots, that are present on infected eggs. Note. From Martínez-Ríos et al. (2025), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010023" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Trachemys scripta eggs as part of a potential in vivo model for studying sea turtle egg fusariosis</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/T2849997212011052315796291619261/Screenshot-2026-03-20-at-23.12.45.png Figure 1. Positive PCR results for Fusarium infection were found in yellow-spotted freshwater turtle eggs, including both asymptomatic (a,c,d) and symptomatic (b,d,f) eggs, as shown on the left. (c) An open asymptomatic egg with a dead embryo and hyphae present on the eye (arrow). (d) An open symptomatic egg with a dead embryo. (g) Hatchability estimates were assessed by visual inspection of the eggs and showed that eggs with signs of infection are less likely to hatch than those without visible signs. Note. From Carranco et al. (2022), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14596" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Transcending sea turtles: First report of hatching failure in eggs of an Amazonian freshwater turtle with symptoms of the fungal emerging disease fusariosis</a>, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/S2850005177315143343580679408061/jof-11-00023-g004-550.jpg Figure 2. Non-infected , unhatched (A, B left), and hatched (B right) eggs of Trachemys scripta. Trachemys scripta is an invasive alien species which can act as a vector, as seen on images from the top of this page, which show Fusarium infection in eggs. Note. From Martinez-Rios et al. (2025), <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010023" style="color: rgb(10, 96, 33);" target="_blank">Trachemys scripta eggs as part of a potential in vivo model for studying sea turtle egg fusariosis</a>, licensed under CC BY 4.0. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a> https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/L2850013711627502069009896343997/man-hand-picking-up-trash-plastic-bottle-by-beach-while-holding-blue-garbage-bag.jpg Figure 3. Disposal of trash can play a role in reducing spread of disease. Note. 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